Monday, October 26, 2015

English IV: Sentenced to Sentence Purgatory?

Click here to read an article written by an author who teaches his first college writing course. Then, answer the questions that follow.

1. First, offer a concise explanation as to what the flaw is in each of the egregious sentences cited by Mr. Laser. Then, rewrite each one.
  • Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.
  • The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.
  • The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.
  • The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.
2. Do you find the author's generalizations about your generation accurate? Why/why not? If teachers are indeed witnessing the degradation of students' grasp of linguistics and grammar, what do you think has caused it? What's the solution?

27 comments:

Anonymous said...
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Charlie Benkart said...

1) Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.- The flaw in this sentence is that it is missing a comma. The corrected sentence would be: "Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure, allow people to go to war more easily."

The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.- The problem with this sentence is that the wrong form of the word contrast is used. The correct sentence would be: " The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrasts the idea of a happy marriage."

The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.- The problem with this sentence is that the wrong form of the word author is used. The correct sentence would be: "The similarities among the speakers and their authors are illustrated differently through their speaker's separate tones."

The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.- The error in this sentence is that the wrong form of the word conflict is used. The correct sentence would be: "The conflicts between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion."

2) Yes, I did find the author's generalizations accurate. I found them to be accurate because I see some of my peers, including myself, making the same mistakes. I think the cause of the decline in writing is due to the lack of interest in writing. One solution could be to give students more freedom about what they would like to write about.

Charlie Benkart


Anonymous said...

On the description sentences, they are not using the words properly. They give the reader a false sense of feel and misunderstanding of the sentences.

I agree with the author on our generations creative writing skills are decreasing, due to lack of teaching on specific writing skills.

Anonymous said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Sydney Brady said...

"Neglecting to realize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily."

This sentence is written incorrectly because you don't know who the "people" the author is referring to are, and there really isn't enough information for the reader to find out such things.

"The money in the household shared between Nora and Tovald contrast the idea of a happy marriage."

The sentence is written correctly, because there is enough information for the reader to find out who the house is being shared by, and also what the two are sharing.

"The similarities among the author and the speaker are illustrated differently through their speakers separate tones."

This sentence is written correctly because it gives you enough information to figure out what is going on, and it does it literately. This sentence is grammatically correct.

Our generation is definitely losing the litreracy and knowledge of those in the past, because students as well as teachers are neglecting the wanting and need to learn how to do such things properly.

Anonymous said...

1)
A) the phrasing of the first sentence is awkward and not easily understood. Soldiers are able to go to war more easily because of the horrors they face.
B) They need to rearrange the the structure of the sentence. The money shared in Nora and Torvald's household contrasts the idea of a happy marriage.
C) The writer misuses "their" through out the sentence making it awkward. The similarities among the speakers and the author are illustrated differently through the speaker's separate tones.
D) The writer's use of "are" makes the sentence unnatural when it is read. The conflict between Sammy and Lengel is mainly about teenage rebellion.
2) I do find that the authors generalization about my generation to be accurate for the most part. I think this because my generation never has really learned how to write advanced sentences while in elementary school. I think the slang that is used in text messages cause the degradation of linguistic and grammar skills because it doesn't require them to write properly. I think the solution is to provide students with a mandatory grammar and linguistics course through out schooling that provides students with the proper way to write.

Anonymous said...

1.Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.

Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endured allows people to go to war more easily.

The flaw is allow in this sentence. It should be allows because people is plural, and endure needs to be endured because it is in past tense.

2.The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.

The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrasts the idea of a happy marriage.

Contrast should be contrasts to agree with the subject money.

3.The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.

The similarities among the speakers and their authors are illustrated differently through the speakers’ separate tones.

Author has to agree with speakers. change author to authors

4.The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.

The conflicts between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.

conflict needs to be changed to conflicts because it is plural.


Yes I agree with the author's generalization about our generation to be correct. Because of technology, students in our generation now are getting really lazy and beginning to rely on the technology. Technology has made a huge impact on linguistics and grammar. The solution is to get students more focused on being successful with school than being on their phones and not getting them anywhere in life. Also instead of skipping class or school go to class and school do your work and learn something and be successful.

Anonymous said...

1a. The way it was phrased and how some words were repeated, it also doesn't make much sense in the way its worded. "Failing to recognize the horrors these people endured allowed them to enter war with ease."
1b. There is not much structure, no context for the sentence to follow, therefore it doesn't make much sense. "The money in the household of Nora and Torvald is shared between the two, yet it conflicts with the idea of a happy marriage."
1c. It makes sense but the way its worded doesn't look right. "Given the similarities between the speaker and the author, they must be conveyed differently through the speakers separate tones.
1d. Due to the sentence structure and where the subject verb was placed, it just doesn't seem right. "The conflict between Sammy and Lengel is mainly about the teenage rebellion.

2. I would agree with the authors generalization about our current generation, mainly because nobody likes to spend the time writing and practicing their grammar, including myself along with most others, therefore our writing isn't the best at times, not to say its the case for everyone but it seems to be the general consensus. Most teachers indeed notice these errors and may put comments and what not on the writings of students but they fail to take action on the matter which only causes more failure in the long run. This could be fixed by just focusing on general sentence structuring and making sure that everything is grammatically correct.

Jake Burgess said...

1.The verb “endure” is not tensed correctly and “allow” should be plural.
Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endured allows the people to go to war more easily.
2.The flaw is that “contrast” should not be used because it means difference and the context it is in just doesn’t fit.
The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald creates the idea of a happy marriage.
3.In this sentence “author” should be made plural just as “speakers” is.
The similarities among the speakers and their authors are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.
4.The issue with this sentence is that “conflict” should be “conflicts” because there is more than one conflict.
The conflicts between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.


I find Mr. Laser’s generalization of my generation not being able to write sentences correct because, most of my peers can not write a clear sentence. It is not a degradation of grammar and linguistics but, something we never learned finally showing its head. The only solution is to start teaching sentences and their structure at a much younger age.

Anonymous said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Anonymous said...

Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.
The flaw here is the word allow. It's awkward because there should be a s after the word.
Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allows people to go to war more easily.

The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.
I think there are some words missing before the word "money" that make the sentence sound incorrect.
The idea of money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.

The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.
The sentence does not make sense. it talks about how the similarities are illustrated differently with seperate tones, which is not similar.
The differences among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.

The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.
The word are should be is.
The conflict between Sammy and Lengel is mainly about teenage rebellion.
His generalizations may be true, but there is hope for the future generations. Grammar just keeps being reinforced in ways that it hasn't been in the past.

Anonymous said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Anonymous said...

Dean Nieuwkoop
1) Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.
Neglecting to recognize those horrors that people endure allows them to go to war more easily.

2) The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.

The money shared between Nora and Torvald, contrasts the idea of a happy marriage.

3.) The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.

The similarities among the speaker and the author are illustrated differently through the separate tones of the speaker.

4.) The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.

The conflict between Sammy and Lengel is mainly about teenage rebellion.


2.) I do find the generalizations accurate because most do not look at the overall big picture of the sentence. the degradation of grammatically accurate sentences is due to the simple speaking our generation has developed and i think it could be solved by changing the way students think of writing completely. also introduce stronger grammer earlier on in school career.







Adrian Sokolowski said...

first sentence: change allow to allowed , endured, its just easily not more easily, and i feel like saying those people is wrong but i don't know how to change it
Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endured, allowed them to go to war easily.
second sentence: commas around "shared between Nora and Torvald", put crontrased in the past (contrasted), this isn't a mistake but i think it would be better to change the word contrasted to something better like "foils"
The money in the household, shared between Nora and Torvald, contrasted(foils) the idea of a happy marriage.
third sentence:change the second "their speaker" to "the speaker", plural authors,
The similarities among the speakers and their authors are illustrated differently through the speaker’s separate tones.
fourth sentence: change are to is,
The conflict between Sammy and Lengel is mainly about teenage rebellion.

1.I find the generalizations to be accurate because students our age still don't know how sentence structure really works and that makes the sentences sound awkward.
2. I feel the lack of education in the areas really, i feel if that we are taught earlier on, like maybe 4th or 5th grade instead of when we get to high school, because its easier to change smaller kids habbits than a teenager's habbits

Anonymous said...

1.)The first sentence is incorrect because of their lack of punctuation use of the improper tenses of words and lack of personal voice to the sentence.

Neglecting to recognize the horrors that these people endure, allowed others to sound the war drum with ease.

The second sentence is wrong because of the verb does not make sense and should be replaced with something else.

The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald infers that they do not have a happy marriage.

The third sentence is wrong because it could be set up differently so it had a better flow.

The speaker utilizes separate tones to illustrate the similarities between the speakers and their author.

The fourth sentence is incorrect because it uses the wrong form of a word.

The conflict between Sammy and Lengel was mainly about teenage rebellion.

2.)I think the authors generalizations of our generation are correct to an extent. Not all students lack the ability to form sentences and write a proper essay, however it is a common problem among teens today. I believe that this is due to things like social media, not necessarily the sites themselves, but maybe the character limit, forcing students to shorten their sentences and make them quick and to the point, even if it means throwing in a grammatical error or two. I also blame the degradation of this generations grasp of the English language to the lack of reading going on among teens. The only solution I can think of is to read more, but read books with authors who take pride in the eloquence of their writing. Also, more creative writing assignments to help kids develop a love for writing instead of it just seeming like a chore.

Anonymous said...

1) A.The phrasing of the sentence is awkward and the subject of the sentence should come in earlier.
B. Soldiers are able to make it through war easier by neglecting to recognize the horrors that they go through.

2) A. The structure of the sentence needs to be re organized.
B. The money shared between Nora and Torvald, contrasts the idea of a happy marriage.

3) A. The word "their" is used instead of "the".
B. The similarities among the speakers and the author are illustrated differently through the speaker’s separate tones.

4) A. The sentence has grammatical errors.
B. The conflict between Sammy and Lengel is mainly about teenage rebellion.

2) I think for the most part, the author's generalization is correct. I think that this is because the way we communicate now and how nobody practices writing or grammar. Now, instead of writing letters, we text each other and nobody really cares about grammar when texting. This means that when we actually have to write we do not have as much exposure to correct writing and the habits from texting carry over. The solution would be to have students practice correctly writing.

Richie D'Onofrio said...

In the first sentence I would make the words past tense. Instead of "endure" it should be endured. I also noticed in the 2nd half of the sentence states says "endure allow people to go to war more easily." The sentence makes more sense if it says "endured allows people to go to war easier." The new sentence is now "neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endured allows people to go to war easier."

In the second sentence is "The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage. To correct the sentence you would insert to commas. One would go behind the "household". Another comma would go after "tovald".I also just disagree with the whole sentence because it's phrased awkwardly.

The third sentence states "The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones."
In this sentence I noticed that "author" should become "authors". That was the only thing I noticed.

The fourth sentence states "The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion." In this sentence I would change "conflict" to conflicts.

Unknown said...

1)“Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.”
The way this sentence is put together is sloppy and makes the writer seen like he’s just writing to spit it back out instead of actually caring about the sentence.
“Not caring or recognizing the horrors people endure allows people to go to war easily.”
2) "The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage."
This sentence was not written right because when it is read it is conveyed that the household is shared instead of the money like the writer is trying to convey.
“The money of the household is shared between Nara and Torvald contrasts with the idea of a happy marriage.”
3)“The similarities among the speaker and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.”
This sentence is not written right because similarities and differences cannot be shown at the same time, and the dramatically structure is completely wrong.
“The similarities among the speaker and the author’s tone is illustrated through the speaker’s tones.”
4) “The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.”
This sentence is saying that Sammy and Lengel only fight about teenage rebellion.
“The debates that Sammy and Lengel are generally about teenage rebellion.”


I find the authors generalization slightly true. Most people can’t talk in correct sentences so it’s obvious that they wouldn’t be able to write correct sentences. The main cause of this is laziness of the students and teachers. But the problem isn’t only based in high school it goes back to the first sentence a student makes. Everything can go downhill if the basics are not contained. The solution is when in school the main importance is the sentence structure and helping the student know how to use the word their taught and how to make a dramatically correct sentence.

Ryan Brown said...

In this sentence i would make the words past tense because the way it is written the sentence sounds like it should be past tense. Also change “more easily” to easier.
Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily. - Neglecting to recognize the horrors that those people endured allowed people to go to war easier.
In this sentence I would add commas after household and Torvald. Also the sentence is kind of awkward.
The money in the household, shared between Nora and Torvald, contrast the idea of a happy marriage.
I added an apostrophe to speakers and make author plural.
The similarities among the speaker’s and their authors are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.
I made conflicts plural to go with the rest of the sentence.
The conflicts between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.

2. I feel the generalizations made in the article were accurate about our generation not being strong writers. Kids don’t really focus on their writing and take time to practice it so how would be be good at it. I think kids just don’t care about their writing ability. I think if we did practice and went over it as a class more it could improve.

kathleen gallahue said...

Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.


Correct way: Neglecting to recognize the horrors these people endure so that they are allowed to go to war easily.

Explanation:I changed the word those to these also to go to war was changed to so that they are allowed. To go to war easily.


The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.

Explanation: instead of shared I put within and changed idea to presenting

Correct way: The money within the household was shared between Nora and Torvald presenting the ideal of a happy marriage.



The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.




Correct way: The similarities among the speaker and the author illustrates throughout to present the speaker and authors separate tones.


Explanation: instead of speakers I put speaker then illustrated went to illustrates. Then through to throughout the speaker and author’s separate tones.




The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.




Correct way: The conflicts shown between Sammy and Lengel mainly about teenage rebellion.

Anonymous said...

1, Iḿ finding it a bit difficult to figure out what some of these sentences mean, but Iĺl give it my best shot.
¨Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.¨ Should be something like, ¨Allowing the horrors war inflicts on the innocent to go unnoticed makes it easier to declare and wage wars, as ´ignorance is bliss.´¨
¨The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.¨ I have no idea what this one means, but Iĺl try to make something coherent out of it; ¨The money found in the shared household of Nora and Torvald implies secrets and deception; a vast contrast to the typical idea of a happy marriage.¨
¨The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.¨ These are getting worse and worse. Okay, ¨The speakers are differentiated from each other, as well as the author, by their tones and manners of speaking,¨ I guess. Iḿ really not sure what this oneÅ› trying to say.
¨The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.¨ Well, at least this oneÅ› straight forward. ¨The conflict between Sammy and Lengel is one about teenage rebellion.¨ I don´t know if it´s an argument about teenage rebellion or an argument caused by teenage rebellion or what; I wasn´t given much to work with.

2, I always try my hardest to be grammatically correct and form coherent sentences, but I admit that my grammar is rarely - if ever - flawless. As for my peers, I think some of the comments here really speak for themselves... So, yes, I agree with the authorÅ› generalization. I just prefer to think Iḿ one of the few who can express their ideas clearly and absorb grammatical lessons easily. On the other hand, Iḿ a strong believer in the evolution of language and I think part of the issue is simply the ever changing enigma we call English. That being said, I don´t believe sentences one cannot decipher the meanings of are the future of our language.
For a cause, my only thought is a generational change in a sort of teaching-to-learning dynamic. I find the best way to teach people of my generation rules is to tell them what the rule youÅ•e teaching is, how to apply it, and WHY it should be applied. Perhaps itÅ› a result of this informational era, but the ´áºƒhy´ of things is key to our understanding of the world. An example, the difference between the words ´Burned´ and ´Burnt.´ Why are these two words different, and why should one be used instead of the other? ´Burned,´ is another form of the word ´Burn,´ specifically, the past tense form. ´Burned´ is used when something as been subject to a burning. ´Burnt,´ on the other hand, is a word to describe something that has been burned. Example, ¨The logs were burned,¨ is a way to describe an event, in this case the logs having previously been burned. ¨The logs were burnt,¨ is a way to describe the logs themselves, saying that they have the quality of something that had previously been burned. That rule is a bit of a hair hairsplitter, but I think that should have helped get my point across. The most important question nowadays is ¨Why,¨ not ¨How,¨ or ¨What,¨ because they can be answered in a single sentence with a single google search. What we need to learn is WHY.

Anonymous said...

1)Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily. The mistakes here are that there is a punctuation missing and also the sentence being somewhat unclear. "Neglecting to recognize the horrors that these people endure, allow people to go to war much more easily when not knowing these horrors."

The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage. The mistakes here are that the way that the sentence is worded may confuse who ever is reading the sentence because the reader could think that "shared" is part of "household" when that may not be the intended point. "The money that is shared between Nora and Torvald contrasts the idea of a happy marriage in their household."

The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion. The problem with this sentence is that the wrong use of conflict is used and that the sentence is a little fuzzy. "The conflicts that stand between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenagers rebellion."

2)Yes i found the author's generalization about us accurate because there has been a degredation of student's grasp on linguistics and grammar over the past years. The cause of this could be either the teachers not teaching the right skills to become better righters, or students just not trying hard enough. A solution could be to just try harder or to seek more help.

Jordan Smith said...

Jordan Smith
1.
Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily. There should be a “that”in front of “those people”, “endure” and “allow” should be in past tense, a comma between “endure” and “allow”, “them” should replace the “people” in “allow people”, and “more easily” should be changed to just “easily”. Neglecting to recognize the horrors that those people endured, allowed them to go to war easily.
The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage. The phrase “in the household” should be replaced by “that”, “shared” should not be in past tense, “Nora and Torvald” should switch places with “shared”, and “contrast” should be “contrasts”. The money that Nora and Torvald share contrasts the idea of a happy marriage.
The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones. “Among” should be replaced by “between”, and “differently through their speaker’s” should be changed to “by the differences of the speakers’ separate tones”. The similarities between the speakers and their author are illustrated by the differences of the speakers’ separate tones.
The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion. If “conflict” stays the way it is then “are” should change to “is” but if “are” stays the way it is then “conflict” should change to “conflicts”. The conflicts between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.
2. I think the author’s generalization about my generation is accurate because a lot of students don’t know how to write correct sentences and use proper grammar. I think people’s speech influences their writing habits and styles. The solution is making students learn to speak proper grammar.

Anonymous said...

kathleen gallahue


Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily.


Correct way: Neglecting to recognize the horrors these people endure so that they are allowed to go to war easily.

Explanation:I changed the word those to these also to go to war was changed to so that they are allowed. To go to war easily.


The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.

Explanation: instead of shared I put within and changed idea to presenting

Correct way: The money within the household was shared between Nora and Torvald presenting the ideal of a happy marriage.



The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speaker’s separate tones.




Correct way: The similarities among the speaker and the author illustrates throughout to present the speaker and authors separate tones.


Explanation: instead of speakers I put speaker then illustrated went to illustrates. Then through to throughout the speaker and author’s separate tones.




The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.




Correct way: The conflicts shown between Sammy and Lengel mainly about teenage rebellion.

Anonymous said...

1)-Neglecting to recognize the horrors these people endured, allowed people to go to war more easily.

-The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald, contrasted the idea of a happy marriage.

-The similarities among the speakers and the authors, are illustrated differently through the speaker’s separate tones.

-The conflict between Sammy and Lengel is mainly about teenage rebellion.

2) I don't really agree with the author's generalization. Money doesn't help with a perfect marriage.

Anonymous said...


Cameron Lowre
Part 1
1.)Neglecting to recognize the horrors that people endure, allows people to go to war more easily.
“Neglecting to recognize the horrors those people endure allow people to go to war more easily."
The reasoning behind the changes in sentence number one was to show it is something happening currently.
2.)The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrasts the idea of a happy marriage.
“The money in the household shared between Nora and Torvald contrast the idea of a happy marriage.”
Sentence number two also has the corrections make it a present tense
3.)The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently, through their separate tones.
“The similarities among the speakers and their author are illustrated differently through their speakers separate tones.”
In sentence number three a comma is applied to separate and add a pause to the sentence
4.)The conflicts between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.
“The conflict between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.”
There would need to be multiple conflicts for them to mainly be about teenage rebellion
Part 2
I find the generalization of my generation to be very true because we have been taught to mindlessly write blank sentences for school with many given guidelines to stomp on our creative minds. I think that the standardized testing and preparation for such tests has ruined the creativity. I think if writing tasks were more open and had less guidlines then that would help solve the problem.

Anonymous said...

Going to war is easy for people when they neglect to recognize the horrors from the victims of war.
The original sentence didn’t differentiate the two kinds of people so it seemed like the author was talking about the people who was enduring the problems of the war was going to war.
The money shared between Nora and Torvald cursed the household to contrast the idea of a happy marriage.
The original sentence made it seem that Nora and Torvald were sharing a household was ruining the idea of a happy marriage instead of the money.,
The authors and their speakers similarities are illustrated differently through the speaker’s tones.
The author has the agree with the speakers to make the sentence grammatically correct.
The conflicts between Sammy and Lengel are mainly about teenage rebellion.
Conflict has to be changed to conflicts because it’s plural.
I do believe that our generation is losing skill in literature which is quite a shame. Our teachers aren’t quite teaching us what we need to know.